TRABAJO PRÁCTICO Nº5

NUEVO TEXTO 4 !!!!!!

NUEVO TEXTO 3 !!!!!!

NUEVO TEXTO 2 !!!!!!

NUEVO TEXTO 1 !!!!!!

CLASE 7 DE OCTUBRE

1917: The Russian Revolution

Facultad de Humanidades


Idioma Moderno Inglés I


1917: The Russian Revolution

Adapted frem : http://www.st-petersburg-life.com/st-petersburg/1917-russian-revolution


The 1917 Russian Revolution was not, as many people suppose, one well organised event in which Tsar Nicholas II was overthrown and Lenin and the Bolsheviks took power. It was a series of events that took place during 1917, which entailed two separate revolutions in February and October, and which eventually plunged the country into Civil War before leading to the founding of the Communist State.


Growing Unrest

The first major event of the Russian Revolution was the February Revolution, which was a chaotic affair and the culmination of more than a century of civil and military unrest. The causes of this unrest of the common people towards the Tsar and aristocratic landowners are too many and complicated to neatly summarise, but key factors to consider were resentment at the cruel treatment of peasants, poor working conditions experienced by city workers in the industrial economyn and a growing awareness of the democratic ideas that were reaching Russia from the West. Dissatisfaction of the proletarian lot was further compounded by food shortages and military failures. In 1905 Russia experienced humilating losses in the Russo-Japanese war and, during a demonstration against the war in the same year, Tsarist troops fired upon an unarmed crowd - further dividing Nicholas II from his people. Widespread strikes, riots and the famous mutiny on the Battleship Potemkin ensued.

Such was the climate in 1905. In his October Manifesto, Tsar Nicholas, against his will, created Russia's first constitution and the State Duma, an elected parliamentary body. However, Nicholas's belief in his divine right to rule Russia meant that he spent much of the following years fighting to undermine the Duma of its powers and to retain as much autocracy as possible.

When Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated by political activists in Serbia in 1914, the Austro-Hungarian empire declared war on its neighbours. Serbia turned to Russia for help. Tsar Nicholas II saw a chance to galvanise his people against a common enemy, and to atone for the humiliations suffered in the Russo-Japanese war. However, it did not work out


World War I

In many ways Russia's disastrous participation in World War I was the final blow to Tsarist rule. In the first with the Germans, the Battle of Tannenberg (who had sided with the Austro-Hungarian Empire), the Russian army was comprehensively beaten suffering 120,000 casualties to Germany's 20,000. A continuing series of losses and setbacks meant that Nicholas left St. Petersburg in the autumn of 1915 to take personal control of the army. By this time Russia was sending conscripts and untrained troops to the front, with little or no equipment and fighting in an almost continual retreat. In 1916 morale was low. The pressure of the war fell hardest on prolaterian families, whose sons were being slaughtered at the front and who suffered food and fuel shortages at home.


The February Revolution (1917)

On 23rd February 1917 the International Women's Day Festival in St. Petersburg turned into a city-wide demonstration, as exasperated women workers left factories to protest against food shortages. Men soon joined them, and on the following day - encouraged by political and social activists - the crowds swelled and virtually every industry, shop and enterprise ceased to function as almost the entire populace went on strike.

Nicholas ordered the police and military to intervene, however the military was no longer loyal to the Tsar and many mutinied or joined the people in demonstrations. Fights broke out and the whole city was in chaos. On October 28th over 80,000 troops mutinied from the army and looting and rioting was widespread.

Faced with this untenable situation Tsar Nicholas abdicated his throne, handing power to his brother Michael. However, Michael did not want to accept leadership unless he was elected by the Duma. He resigned the following day, leaving Russia without a head of state.


The Provisional Government

After the abdication of the Romanovs a Provisional Government was quickly formed by leading members of the Duma and recognised internationally as Russia's legal government. It was to rule Russia until elections could be held. However its power was by no means absolute or stable. The more radical Petrograd Soviet organisation was a trade union of workers and soldiers that had enormous influence. It favoured full-scale Socialism over more moderate democratic reforms generally favoured by members of the Provisional Government.



Lenin Returns to Russia

One person keen to take advantage of the chaotic state of affairs in St. Petersburg was Lenin. He had spent most of the 20th Century travelling and working and campaigning in Europe - partly for his own safety, as he was known Socialist and enemy of the Tsarist regime. However, with the Tsar under arrest and Russian politics in chaos, Lenin saw the opportunity to lead his party, the Bolsheviks, to power. From his home in Switzerland he negotiated a return to Russia with the help of German authorities, who were willing to facilitate Lenin’s coming back because he considered that Russia should withdraw from the War

Lenin's return in April of 1917 was greeted by the Russian populace, as well as by many leading political figures, with great applause. However, far from uniting the fractious parties, he immediately condemned the policies and ideologies of both the Provisional Government and the Petrograd Soviet. With powerful slogans like 'Peace, land and bread,' Lenin began to win the hearts of the Russian people - who were increasingly unable to put up with war and poverty.

Summer of 1917

During the summer of 1917 Lenin made several attempts to overthrow the Provisional Government. When a regiment refused to leave Petrograd (as St. Petersburg was then known) for the frontline, Lenin sought to manoeuvre them. However, Kerensky, a member of both the Provisional Government and Petrograd Soviet, could stop the coup. Experienced troops arrived in the city and the Bolsheviks were accused of being in collusion with the Germans. Many were arrested whilst Lenin escaped to Finland.

Despite this disaster, Lenin continued plotting and scheming. By autumn the Bolsheviks were winning majority votes within the Petrograd and Moscow Soviets and Leon Trotsky was elected as president of the former.


The October Revolution

With Russian politics still in a state of constant flux Lenin realised that now was the time to capitalise on his party's popularity. He planned a coup d'etat that would overthrow the increasingly ineffective Provisional Government and replace them with the Bolsheviks. On October 10th he held a meeting with twelve party leaders, and tried to persuade them that a revolution was required. Despite receiving the backing of only 10 of them, plotting went ahead.

October 24th was the date decided upon, and on that day troops loyal to the Bolsheviks took up crucial positions in the city, such as the main telephone and telegraph offices, banks, railroad stations, post offices, and major bridges. Guards commissioned by the Provisional Government fled or surrendered without a fight. By the 25th October every key building in St. Petersburg was under Bolshevik control, except the Winter Palace where Kerensky and the other Ministers were holed up with a small guard.

At 09.00 am of that day Kerensky fled the Palace by car, and never returned to Russia. On the 26th the Palace was taken, and Lenin's October Revolution was achieved with the minimum bloodshed.

Aftermath and Consequences
Despite being allowed to seize power so easily, Lenin soon discovered that his support was far from absolute. His Peace Policy with the Germans was particularly unpopular as it ceded large amounts of Russian territory. Shortly after the October Revolution, the Russian Civil War broke out between the 'Reds' (Communists) and the 'Whites' (Nationalists, Conservatives, Imperialists and other anti-Bolshevik groups). After a bloody four-year struggle Lenin and the Reds won, establishing the Soviet Union in 1922, at an estimated cost of 15 million lives and billions of roubles. In 1923 Lenin died and Stalin took over the Communist Party, which continued to rule Russia until 1991 when the USSR was dissolved.

CLASES 2, 7 Y 9 DE SEPTIEMBRE

TRABAJO PRÁCTICO MARTES 31 DE AGOSTO - FIRST REACTIONS TO THE WAR

CLASES
MARTES AULA 114
Y
JUEVES AULA 117

DE 14 A 16 HS
AMBOS DIAS

EVENTS 1900 - 20 CLASE JUEVES 12/08/10

WORLD WAR I - Clase 10/08/10

Universidad Nacional de Salta

Facultad de Humanidades

Idioma Moderno Inglés I

Clase 10/08/10

WORLD WAR I

(Taken from Abraham Hirsh, S & P. Bacon. 1988. The World, Past and Present. Orlando: HBJ)

1. A - World War I began in 1914 after the assassination of an Austrian Archduke named Francis Ferdinand. Austria-Hungary blamed a small rival nation called Serbia. The quarrel caused by the assassination spread quickly to involve most of Europe. It spread so rapidly because of the alliances between many European countries. Their leaders had signed treaties to come to each other’s aid in case of war.
2. B - War broke out so quickly also because a strong feeling of nationalism had developed in most European countries, where people were proud of their culture and history. Their countries had become independent nations. Each nation felt it had to prove it was stronger than the others. Nationalism was especially strong in Germany.
3. C - The warring powers arranged themselves into two groups. The Central Powers were Germany, Bulgaria, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey. The other group, the Allies, was made up of Russia, France, Great Britain, Italy, Belgium, Serbia, Montenegro and Japan. After German submarines sank several American ships in 1917, the United States entered the war on the side of the Allies. The conflict truly became a world war.
4. D - Many people thought the war would be over quickly. However, it lasted for more than four years. Some 65 million soldiers fought in it. At least 9 million of them died. Terrible weapons such as machine guns, poison gas, and tanks were used for the first time in this war. The war was fought not only on the land and sea but also under the sea in submarines and in the air with blimps and airplanes.
5. E - The Allies defeated the Central Powers in 1918. The peace treaty that ended the war was called the Treaty of Versailles. It was especially harsh toward Germany because Germany had supplied most of the soldiers and weapons for the Central Powers. It took away German lands both in Europe and elsewhere. It severely limited the number of soldiers and weapons the German government could have. It ordered Germany to pay a huge sum of money to the Allies as a war debt.
6. F - Although victory went to the Allies, Great Britain, France, and Germany all lost in World War I. They lost, among other things, thousands upon thousands of young people who would have provided the leadership for their countries in the 1930’s and 1940’s.

MARTES 10 DE AGOSTO

VUELTA A CLASES

SEGUNDO CUATRIMESTRE

JUEVES 24 DE JUNIO

RECUPERATORIO

DEL PARCIAL I

Ancient Egypt - TEXTO PARA PRÁCTICAR, ANTES DEL PARCIAL I

Ancient Egypt

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Ancient Egypt was an ancient civilization of eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now the modern country of Egypt. The civilization coalesced around 3150 BC with the political unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under the first pharaoh, and it developed over the next three millennia. Its history occurred in a series of stable Kingdoms, separated by periods of relative instability known as Intermediate Periods. Ancient Egypt reached its pinnacle during the New Kingdom, after which it entered a period of slow decline. Egypt was conquered by a succession of foreign powers in this late period, and the rule of the pharaohs officially ended in 31 BC when the early Roman Empire conquered Egypt and made it a province

The success of ancient Egyptian civilization stemmed partly from its ability to adapt to the conditions of the Nile River Valley. The predictable flooding and controlled irrigation of the fertile valley produced surplus crops, which fueled social development and culture. With resources to spare, the administration sponsored mineral exploitation of the valley and surrounding desert regions, the early development of an independent writing system, the organization of collective construction and agricultural projects, trade with surrounding regions, and a military intended to defeat foreign enemies and assert Egyptian dominance. Motivating and organizing these activities was a bureaucracy of elite scribes, religious leaders, and administrators under the control of a pharaoh who ensured the cooperation and unity of the Egyptian people in the context of an elaborate system of religious beliefs.

The many achievements of the ancient Egyptians include the quarrying, surveying and construction techniques that facilitated the building of monumental pyramids, temples, and obelisks; a system of mathematics, a practical and effective system of medicine, irrigation systems and agricultural production techniques, the first known ships, Egyptian faience and glass technology, new forms of literature, and the earliest known peace treaty. Egypt left a lasting legacy. Its art and architecture were widely copied, and its antiquities carried off to far corners of the world. Its monumental ruins have inspired the imaginations of travellers and writers for centuries. A newfound respect for antiquities and excavations in the early modern period led to the scientific investigation of Egyptian civilization and a greater appreciation of its cultural legacy, for Egypt and the world.

History

By the late Paleolithic period, the arid climate of Northern Africa became increasingly hot and dry, forcing the populations of the area to concentrate along the Nile valley, and since nomadic modern human hunter-gatherers began living in the region through the end of the Middle Pleistocene some 120 thousand years ago, the Nile has been the lifeline of Egypt. The fertile floodplain of the Nile gave humans the opportunity to develop a settled agricultural economy and a more sophisticated, centralized society that became a cornerstone in the history of human civilization.

Predynastic period

In Predynastic and Early Dynastic times, the Egyptian climate was much less arid than it is today. Large regions of Egypt were covered in treed savanna and traversed by herds of grazing ungulates. Foliage and fauna were far more prolific in all environs and the Nile region supported large populations of waterfowl. Hunting was common for Egyptians and this is also the period during which many animals were first domesticated.

By about 5500 BC, small tribes living in the Nile valley had developed into a series of cultures demonstrating firm control of agriculture and animal husbandry, and identifiable by their pottery and personal items, such as combs, bracelets, and beads. The largest of these early cultures in upper Egypt, the Badari, was known for its high quality ceramics, stone tools, and its use of copper.

In Northern Egypt, the Badari was followed by Amratian and Gerzian cultures which showed a number of technological improvements. In Gerzian times, early evidence exists of contact with Canaan and the Byblos coast.

In southern Egypt, the Naqada culture, similar to the Badari, began to expand along the Nile by about 4000 BC. As early as the Naqada I Period, predynastic Egyptians imported obsidian from Ethiopia, used to shape blades and other objects from flakes. Over a period of about 1000 years, the Naqada culture developed from a few small farming communities into a powerful civilization whose leaders were in complete control of the people and resources of the Nile valley. Establishing a power center at Hierakonpolis, and later at Abydos, Naqada III leaders expanded their control of Egypt northwards along the Nile.[17] They also traded with Nubia to the south, the oases of the western desert to the west, and the cultures of the eastern Mediterranean to the east.

The Naqada culture manufactured a diverse array of material goods, reflective of the increasing power and wealth of the elite, which included painted pottery, high quality decorative stone vases, cosmetic palettes, and jewelry made of gold, lapis, and ivory. They also developed a ceramic glaze known as faience which was used well into the Roman Period to decorate cups, amulets, and figurines. During the last predynastic phase, the Naqada culture began using written symbols which would eventually evolve into a full system of hieroglyphs for writing the ancient Egyptian language.

Early Dynastic Period

The third century BC Egyptian priest Manetho grouped the long line of pharaohs from Menes to his own time into 30 dynasties, a system still in use today. He chose to begin his official history with the king named "Meni" (or Menes in Greek) who was then believed to have united the two kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt (around 3200BC). The transition to a unified state actually happened more gradually than the ancient Egyptian writers would have us believe, and there is no contemporary record of Menes. Some scholars now believe, however, that the mythical Menes may have actually been the pharaoh Narmer, who is depicted wearing royal regalia on the ceremonial Narmer Palette in a symbolic act of unification.

In the Early Dynastic Period about 3150 BC, the first of the Dynastic pharaohs solidified their control over lower Egypt by establishing a capital at Memphis, from which they could control the labor force and agriculture of the fertile delta region as well as the lucrative and critical trade routes to the Levant. The increasing power and wealth of the pharaohs during the early dynastic period was reflected in their elaborate mastaba tombs and mortuary cult structures at Abydos, which were used to celebrate the deified pharaoh after his death. The strong institution of kingship developed by the pharaohs served to legitimize state control over the land, labor, and resources that were essential to the survival and growth of ancient Egyptian civilization.

Old Kingdom

Stunning advances in architecture, art, and technology were made during the Old Kingdom, fueled by the increased agricultural productivity made possible by a well developed central administration. Under the direction of the vizier, state officials collected taxes, coordinated irrigation projects to improve crop yield, drafted peasants to work on construction projects, and established a justice system to maintain peace and order. With the surplus resources made available by a productive and stable economy, the state was able to sponsor construction of colossal monuments and to commission exceptional works of art from the royal workshops. The pyramids built by Djoser, Khufu, and their descendants are the most memorable symbols of ancient Egyptian civilization, and the power of the pharaohs that controlled it.

Along with the rising importance of a central administration arose a new class of educated scribes and officials who were granted estates by the pharaoh in payment for their services. Pharaohs also made land grants to their mortuary cults and local temples to ensure that these institutions would have the necessary resources to worship the pharaoh after his death. By the end of the Old Kingdom, five centuries of these feudal practices had slowly eroded the economic power of the pharaoh, who could no longer afford to support a large centralized administration. As the power of the pharaoh diminished, regional governors called nomarchs began to challenge the supremacy of the pharaoh. This, coupled with severe droughts between 2200 and 2150 BC, ultimately caused the country to enter a 140-year period of famine and strife known as the First Intermediate Period.

First Intermediate Period

After Egypt's central government collapsed at the end of the Old Kingdom, the administration could no longer support or stabilize the country's economy. Regional governors could not rely on the king for help in times of crisis, and the ensuing food shortages and political disputes escalated into famines and small-scale civil wars. Yet despite difficult problems, local leaders, owing no tribute to the pharaoh, used their newfound independence to establish a thriving culture in the provinces. Once in control of their own resources, the provinces became economically richer — a fact demonstrated by larger and better burials among all social classes. In bursts of creativity, provincial artisans adopted and adapted cultural motifs formerly restricted to the royalty of the Old Kingdom, and scribes developed literary styles that expressed the optimism and originality of the period.

Free from their loyalties to the pharaoh, local rulers began competing with each other for territorial control and political power. By 2160 BC, rulers in Herakleopolis controlled Lower Egypt, while a rival clan based in Thebes, the Intef family, took control of Upper Egypt. As the Intefs grew in power and expanded their control northward, a clash between the two rival dynasties became inevitable. Around 2055 BC the Theban forces under Nebhepetre Mentuhotep II finally defeated the Herakleopolitan rulers, reuniting the Two Lands and inaugurating a period of economic and cultural renaissance known as the Middle Kingdom.[33]

Middle Kingdom

The pharaohs of the Middle Kingdom restored the country's prosperity and stability, thereby stimulating a resurgence of art, literature, and monumental building projects.[34] Mentuhotep II and his 11th Dynasty successors ruled from Thebes, but the vizier Amenemhat I, upon assuming kingship at the beginning of the 12th Dynasty around 1985 BC, shifted the nation's capital to the city of Itjtawy located in Faiyum.[35] From Itjtawy, the pharaohs of the 12th Dynasty undertook a far-sighted land reclamation and irrigation scheme to increase agricultural output in the region. Moreover, the military reconquered territory in Nubia rich in quarries and gold mines, while laborers built a defensive structure in the Eastern Delta, called the "Walls-of-the-Ruler", to defend against foreign attack.[36]

Having secured military and political security and vast agricultural and mineral wealth, the nation's population, arts, and religion flourished. In contrast to elitist Old Kingdom attitudes towards the gods, the Middle Kingdom experienced an increase in expressions of personal piety and what could be called a democratization of the afterlife, in which all people possessed a soul and could be welcomed into the company of the gods after death.[37] Middle Kingdom literature featured sophisticated themes and characters written in a confident, eloquent style,[32] and the relief and portrait sculpture of the period captured subtle, individual details that reached new heights of technical perfection.

The last great ruler of the Middle Kingdom, Amenemhat III, allowed Asiatic settlers into the delta region to provide a sufficient labor force for his especially active mining and building campaigns. These ambitious building and mining activities, however, combined with inadequate Nile floods later in his reign, strained the economy and precipitated the slow decline into the Second Intermediate Period during the later 13th and 14th dynasties. During this decline, the foreign Asiatic settlers began to seize control of the delta region, eventually coming to power in Egypt as the Hyksos.

Second Intermediate Period and the Hyksos

Around 1650 BC, as the power of the Middle Kingdom pharaohs weakened, Asiatic immigrants living in the Eastern Delta town of Avaris seized control of the region and forced the central government to retreat to Thebes, where the pharaoh was treated as a vassal and expected to pay tribute. The Hyksos ("foreign rulers") imitated Egyptian models of government and portrayed themselves as pharaohs, thus integrating Egyptian elements into their Middle Bronze Age culture.

After their retreat, the Theban kings found themselves trapped between the Hyksos to the north and the Hyksos' Nubian allies, the Kushites, to the south. Nearly 100 years of tenuous inaction followed, and it was not until 1555 BC that the Theban forces gathered enough strength to challenge the Hyksos in a conflict that would last more than 30 years. The pharaohs Seqenenre Tao II and Kamose were ultimately able to defeat the Nubians, but it was Kamose's successor, Ahmose I, who successfully waged a series of campaigns that permanently eradicated the Hyksos' presence in Egypt. In the New Kingdom that followed, the military became a central priority for the pharaohs seeking to expand Egypt’s borders and secure her complete dominance of the Near East.

New Kingdom

The New Kingdom pharaohs established a period of unprecedented prosperity by securing their borders and strengthening diplomatic ties with their neighbors. Military campaigns waged under Tuthmosis I and his grandson Tuthmosis III extended the influence of the pharaohs into Syria and Nubia, cementing loyalties and opening access to critical imports such as bronze and wood. The New Kingdom pharaohs began a large-scale building campaign to promote the god Amun, whose growing cult was based in Karnak. They also constructed monuments to glorify their own achievements, both real and imagined. The female pharaoh Hatshepsut used such propaganda to legitimize her claim to the throne. Her successful reign was marked by trading expeditions to Punt, an elegant mortuary temple, a colossal pair of obelisks and a chapel at Karnak. Despite her achievements, Hatshepsut's nephew-stepson Tuthmosis III sought to erase her legacy near the end of his reign, possibly in retaliation for usurping his throne.

Around 1350 BC, the stability of the New Kingdom was threatened when Amenhotep IV ascended the throne and instituted a series of radical and chaotic reforms. Changing his name to Akhenaten, he touted the previously obscure sun god Aten as the supreme deity, suppressed the worship of other deities, and attacked the power of the priestly establishment. Moving the capital to the new city of Akhetaten (modern-day Amarna), Akhenaten turned a deaf ear to foreign affairs and absorbed himself in his new religion and artistic style. After his death, the cult of the Aten was quickly abandoned, and the subsequent pharaohs Tutankhamun, Ay, and Horemheb erased all mention of Akhenaten's heresy, now known as the Amarna Period.

Around 1279 BC, Ramesses II, also known as Ramesses the Great, ascended the throne, and went on to build more temples, erect more statues and obelisks, and sire more children than any other pharaoh in history. A bold military leader, Ramesses II led his army against the Hittites in the Battle of Kadesh and, after fighting to a stalemate, finally agreed to the first recorded peace treaty around 1258 BC. Egypt's wealth, however, made it a tempting target for invasion, particularly by the Libyans and the Sea Peoples. Initially, the military was able to repel these invasions, but Egypt eventually lost control of Syria and Palestine. The impact of external threats was exacerbated by internal problems such as corruption, tomb robbery and civil unrest. The high priests at the temple of Amun in Thebes accumulated vast tracts of land and wealth, and their growing power splintered the country during the Third Intermediate Period.

Esta es la lista de verbos irregulares recomendada por la Cátedra de Idioma Moderno Inglés I

http://www.mediafire.com/?jg2wycvzyyy

Clase del 13 de Mayo - Ancient Egypt

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE SALTA

FACULTAD DE HUMANIDADES

DEPARTAMENTO DE LENGUAS

IDIOMA MODERNO INGLES I

Clase del 13 de mayo de 2010

Ancient Egypt

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

History

A-By the late Paleolithic period, the arid climate of Northern Africa became increasingly hot and dry. As a consequence, the populations of the area were forced to concentrate along the Nile valley, and since nomadic hunter-gatherers began living in the region during the Pleistocene some 1.8 million years ago, the Nile has been the lifeline of Egypt. Moreover, the fertile floodplain of the Nile gave humans the opportunity to develop a settled agricultural economy and a more sophisticated, centralized society.

Predynastic Period

B- In Predynastic and Early Dynastic times, the Egyptian climate was much less arid than it is today. On the contrary, large regions of Egypt were covered in treed savanna. Foliage and fauna were far more prolific. Hunting was common for Egyptians.

C- By about 5500 BC, small tribes living in the Nile valley had developed into a series of unique cultures demonstrating firm control of agriculture.

D- In southern Egypt, the Naqada culture began to expand along the Nile by about 4000 BC. Over a period of about 1000 years, the Naqada culture developed from a few small farming communities into a powerful civilization whose leaders were in complete control of the people and resources of the Nile valley. Later, Naqada leaders expanded their control of Egypt northwards along the Nile and engaged in trade with Nubia and the cultures of the eastern Mediterranean.

E- During the last phase of the predynastic, the Naqada culture began using written symbols which would eventually evolve into a full system of hieroglyphs for writing the ancient Egyptian language.

Lea el texto atentamente y responda:

1- Realice una cronología con todos los datos que aparecen en el texto.

2- Encuentre un ejemplo de retrospección y explíquelo según el texto.

3- Encuentre un ejemplo de prospección y explíquelo según el texto.

4- Encuentre tres conectores, diga qué tipo de conectores son y explique la relación que establecen en el texto.

5- Encuentre un ejemplo de adjetivo en grado comparativo y explíquelo según el texto.

6- Marque todos los verbos que aparezcan en pasado simple y de su correspondiente infinitivo. Indique cuáles son irregulares.

7- Encuentre una proposición de relativo y tradúzcala.

Clase del 11 de Mayo

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE SALTA- FACULTAD DE HUMANIDADES- IDIOMA MODERNO INGLES I
Clase del 11 de mayo de 2010

Maya civilization (From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia)

A-The Maya civilization is a Mesoamerican civilization, noted for its spectacular art, monumental architecture, and sophisticated mathematical and astronomical systems. This civilization had established during the Preclassic period. It reached its apogee of development during the Classic period, and continued throughout the Postclassic period until the arrival of the Spanish. At its peak, it was one of the most densely populated areas. It was also one of the most culturally dynamic societies in the world.

B-The Maya civilization shares many features with other Mesoamerican civilizations. It happened as a consequence of the high degree of interaction and cultural diffusion that characterized the region. Advances- such as writing and the calendar- did not originate with the Maya; however, their civilization fully developed them. Maya influence can be detected as far as central Mexico, more than 1000 km from the Maya area. Many outside influences are found in Maya art and architecture, which are the result of trade and cultural exchange rather than direct external conquest.

Lea el texto atentamente y responda:

1- Dé toda la información que brinda A sobre la Civilización Maya.

2- Encuentre en B una relación causal, marque su conector y explíquela según el texto.

3- Encuentre en B una relación de adición por medio de ejemplificación, marque su conector y explíquela según el texto.

4- Encuentre en B una relación adversativa, marque su conector y explíquela según el texto.

5- Encuentre en el texto las siguientes formas gramaticales, marque la línea y tradúzcalas:

a- un participio pasado que funcione como adjetivo. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

b- Un ejemplo de retrospección. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

c- Un verbo regular en pasado simple. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

d- Un ejemplo de superlativo. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

e- Un ejemplo de voz pasiva. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

f- Una proposición de relativo. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Respuestas:

1)_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Clase del 4 y 6 de Mayo

Idioma Moderno Ingles I – Clases del 04 y 06 de mayo de 2010

Inca Empire

Kingdom of Cusco (From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia)

A- Inca people began as a tribe in the Cusco area around the 12th century. Under the leadership of Manco Capac, they formed the small city-state of Cusco. In 1438 they began a far-reaching expansion under the command of Sapa Inca (paramount leader) Pachacuti, whose name literally meant "earth-shaker". During his reign, he and his son brought much of the Andes mountains (roughly modern Peru and Ecuador) under Inca control.

Reorganization and formation of the Empire

Inca expansion (1438–1527)

B- Pachacuti reorganized the kingdom of Cuzco into an empire, the Tahuantinsuyu, a federalist system which consisted of a central government with the Inca at its head and four provincial governments with strong leaders: Chinchasuyu (NW), Antisuyu (NE), Contisuyu (SW), and Collasuyu (SE).[7] Pachacuti built Machu Picchu, either as a family home or as a summer retreat.

C- Pachacuti sent spies to regions that he wanted in his empire; they brought reports on the political organization, military might and wealth. Then he sent messages to the leaders of these lands extolling the benefits of joining his empire, offering them presents of luxury goods such as high quality textiles, and promising that they would be materially richer as subject rulers of the Inca. Most accepted the rule of the Inca. The ruler's children would then be brought to Cuzco to be taught about Inca administration systems, then return to rule their native lands. This allowed the Inca to indoctrinate the former ruler's children into the Inca nobility, and, with luck, marry their daughters into families at various corners of the empire.

Expansion and consolidation of the Tawantinsuyu

D- It was traditional for the Inca's son to lead the army; Pachacuti's son Túpac Inca Yupanqui began conquests to the north in 1463, and continued them as Inca after Pachucuti's death in 1471. His most important conquest was the Kingdom of Chimor, the Inca's only serious rival for the coast of Peru. Túpac Inca's empire stretched north into modern day Ecuador and Colombia.

E- Túpac Inca's son Huayna Cápac added a small portion of land to the north in modern day Ecuador and in parts of Peru[8]. At its height, Tahuantinsuyu included Peru and Bolivia, most of what is now Ecuador, a large portion of what is today Chile north of Maule River, where they met massive resistance by the Mapuche tribes. The empire also extended into corners of Argentina and Colombia. However, most of the southern portion of the Inca Empire, the portion denominated as Collasuyu, was desert wasteland.

F- Tahuantinsuyu was a patchwork of languages, cultures and peoples. The components of the empire were not all uniformly loyal, nor were the local cultures all fully integrated. The Inca empire as a whole had an economy based on exchange and taxation of luxury goods and labour.

Language

G- Since the Tawantinsuyu lacked a written language, the empire's main form of communication and recording came from quipus and Quechua, the language the Incas imposed upon the peoples within the empire. The plethora of civilizations in the Andean region provided for a general disunity that the Incas needed to subdue in order to maintain control, peace, and order within all of the empire. Hence, by establishing a uniform language, the Incas were able to better achieve such a goal. Nonetheless, it should be noted that Quechua had been spoken in the Andean region, like central Peru, for several years prior to the expansion of the Inca civilization. Moreover, the type of Quechua the Incas imposed was an adaptation from the Kingdom of Cusco (an early form of "Southern Quechua") of what some historians define as "Proto-Quechua" (the original Quechua dialect).

Life, education and beliefs

H- Approximately 200 varieties of potatoes were cultivated by the Incas and their predecessors. The Inca diet consisted primarily of potatoes and grains, supplemented by fish, vegetables, nuts, and corn. In addition, they hunted various wild animals for meat, skins and feathers. Corn was malted and used to make chicha, a fermented alcoholic beverage. The Inca road system was key to farming success as it allowed distribution of foodstuffs over long distances. The Inca also constructed vast storehouses, which allowed them to live through El Niño years while neighboring civilizations suffered.

I- The Inca believed in reincarnation. Those who obeyed the Incan moral code — ama suwa, ama llulla, ama quella (do not steal, do not lie, do not be lazy) — "went to live in the Sun's warmth while others spent their eternal days in the cold earth.

Mathematics and astronomy

J-The Inca made many discoveries in medicine. They performed successful skull surgery, which involved cutting holes in the skull to release pressure from head wounds. Coca leaves were used to lessen hunger and pain, as they still are in the Andes. The Chasqui (messengers) chewed coca leaves for extra energy to carry on their tasks as runners delivering messages throughout the empire.

Lea el texto completo y responda:

1. Traduzca el texto completo.

2. Marque en el margen las estructuras gramaticales que le hayan provocado dificultad.

3. Marque todos los verbos que encuentre en tiempo pasado y complete el siguiente cuadro como muestran los ejemplos:

4. Realice una cronología con los datos que brindan A, B, C y D.

Egyptian Education (27/04) Inglés I

The Aztecs Actividades - Inglés I

THE AZTECS (22/04) Inglés I

CLASE DEL 22 DE ABRIL

Inca education (13/04) Actividades

ACTIVIDADES DEL 13 DE ABRIL

Inca education (13/04)

CLASE DEL 13 DE ABRIL